One kettle, two bills
Real heating jobs itemize: climb the slope with , cross the plateau with , and add the legs. The named trap is skipping a leg — usually the plateau, because the thermometer stops advertising it.
And feel the sizes before computing. Heating a kilogram of water from ice-cold to boiling costs . Boiling that same kilogram away costs 2260 kJ — more than five times the entire climb. That is why a kettle reaches a boil in minutes but takes its sweet time boiling dry, and it is why the estimate-first habit from kinematics rides along here: one glance at the data sheet usually tells you which leg owns the bill.
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