Grade 12 Chemistry · Straight-line decay
Three laws, three straight lines
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Three laws, three straight lines

A rate law tells you the speed right now. Integrate it over a clock and you get the concentration ITSELF at any time — an integrated rate law. Three of them matter, and each is named by its order. In all three, [A][\mathrm{A}] is the concentration left at time tt and [A]0[\mathrm{A}]_0 is the concentration at the start — the zero subscript always means “when the clock read zero”. tt is the elapsed time in seconds and kk is the rate constant.

Zero order: [A]=[A]0kt[\mathrm{A}] = [\mathrm{A}]_0 - kt. The rate never changes, so the concentration falls in a straight line and simply stops when the reactant runs out. Here kk wears mol/(Ls)\mathrm{mol/(L \cdot s)} — it IS the rate. First order: [A]=[A]0ekt[\mathrm{A}] = [\mathrm{A}]_0\,e^{-kt}, with kk in s1\mathrm{s^{-1}}. The rate is proportional to what is left, so the fall is exponential — forever approaching zero, never arriving. Second order: 1[A]=1[A]0+kt\dfrac{1}{[\mathrm{A}]} = \dfrac{1}{[\mathrm{A}]_0} + kt, with kk in L/(mols)\mathrm{L/(mol \cdot s)}, waiting in the lesson after next.

Here is the exam's favourite question, and the free gift inside it: each law is STRAIGHT when you plot the right thing. [A][\mathrm{A}] against tt is straight for zero order; ln[A]\ln[\mathrm{A}] against tt for first order; 1/[A]1/[\mathrm{A}] against tt for second. That is how an order is measured in the first place — try all three plots and see which one the data agrees to lie down on. And when you are handed kk instead of a plot, read its units: they confess the order before you compute a thing.