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Boss lesson · The Heat Audit
Exam-hall rules, last run of the shift
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Exam-hall rules, last run of the shift

This is the boss. No calculator — today c=4.2 J/(g⋅∘C)c = 4.2\ \mathrm{J/(g\cdot^{\circ}C)}, the round number every chemist keeps for mental work, and every value is chosen to fit in your head. One pellet, one long problem, and every answer feeds the next: grams to moles, moles to kilojoules, kilojoules to joules, joules to a temperature rise — and then the line that actually matters, whether the run passes its specification.

Write each line down as you go. A slip in line one does not stay in line one; it walks all the way to the verdict wearing a straight face. And note what the last question asks for: not a number, a decision. Every real report ends that way. 5★ under par here is the chapter crown. Clock in.

mMn

n=mMn = \frac{m}{M}

  • nn= Amount of substance (amount of substance)
  • mm= Mass (mass)
  • MM= Molar mass (molar mass)
Moles from Mass (n = m/M) solver →
qΔHn

q=nΔHq = n \Delta H

  • qq= Heat released or absorbed (energy)
  • nn= Amount of substance (amount of substance)
  • ΔH\Delta H= Molar enthalpy change (molar energy)
Heat of Reaction solver →
mcpQΔT

Q=mcΔTQ = m c \Delta T

  • QQ= Heat energy (energy)
  • mm= Mass (mass)
  • cpc_p= Specific heat capacity (specific heat capacity)
  • ΔT\Delta T= Temperature change (temperature difference)
Sensible Heat (Q = mcΔT) solver →
ΔH1ΔH2ΔH3ΔHrxn

ΔHrxn=ΔH1+ΔH2+ΔH3\Delta H_{\text{rxn}} = \Delta H_1 + \Delta H_2 + \Delta H_3

  • ΔHrxn\Delta H_{\text{rxn}}= Enthalpy change of the target reaction
  • ΔH1\Delta H_1= Enthalpy change of step 1
  • ΔH2\Delta H_2= Enthalpy change of step 2
  • ΔH3\Delta H_3= Enthalpy change of step 3

each variable a molar energy

Hess's Law (Three-Step Sum) solver →
no calculator in the boss room — the numbers are chosen to fit in your head