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Boss lesson · The Tension Test
Exam-hall rules, last specimen
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Exam-hall rules, last specimen

This is the boss. No calculator — every value is pinned to fit in your head, and the report reads top to bottom: load and area give the stress, the measured stretch and the gauge length give the strain, the two together give the modulus, and the mill certificate's yield strength gives the margin.

Every answer feeds the next, so write each line down as you go — a slip in line one walks all the way to the verdict. And the last line IS a verdict: the drawing asks for a factor of safety, and your job is to say whether this alloy delivers it. Being unbroken at the end of a test is not the same as meeting a specification, and the room will ask you to know the difference. 5★ under par here is the chapter crown. Clock in.

PPAσ

σ=PA\sigma = \frac{P}{A}

  • σ\sigma= Normal stress (pressure)
  • PP= Axial force (force)
  • AA= Cross-sectional area (area)
Normal (Axial) Stress solver →
Lδε

ε=δL\varepsilon = \frac{\delta}{L}

  • ε\varepsilon= Normal strain (strain)
  • δ\delta= Change in length (length)
  • LL= Original length (length)
Normal Strain (ε = δ/L) solver →
Eσε

E=σεE = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon}

  • EE= Young's modulus (pressure)
  • σ\sigma= Normal stress (pressure)
  • ε\varepsilon= Normal strain (strain)
Young's Modulus (E = σ/ε) solver →
σuσallowFS

FS=σuσallowFS = \frac{\sigma_{u}}{\sigma_{allow}}

  • FSFS= Factor of safety
  • σu\sigma_{u}= Ultimate or yield strength (pressure)
  • σallow\sigma_{allow}= Allowable working stress (pressure)
Factor of Safety solver →
no calculator in the boss room — the numbers are chosen to fit in your head