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Lesson 8 · Paper versus flask
Paper makes promises, balances tell the truth
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Paper makes promises, balances tell the truth

Every synthesis has two endings. On paper, stoichiometry works out a maximum — the theoretical yield, a prediction computed before the flask is even dirty. In the flask, after filtering and drying, sits whatever you actually made — the actual yield, a mass that sat on a real balance. The paper number is a ceiling; the flask number is a fact. Real runs leak — product clings to filter paper, side reactions skim reagents — so the fact almost always undercuts the ceiling.

The percent yield referees between them: % yield=mamt×100\%\,\text{yield} = \dfrac{m_a}{m_t} \times 100 — read aloud: percent yield equals m-a over m-t, times one hundred, where mam_a (m-a, the actual) is the flask's fact and mtm_t (m-t, the theoretical) is the paper's promise. This lesson only asks you to tell the three apart — and the words and units are the tells: weighed means actual, computed means theoretical, and a % sign means the referee.

mtheoreticalmactual% yield

% yield=mactualmtheoretical×100%\%\,\text{yield} = \frac{m_{\text{actual}}}{m_{\text{theoretical}}} \times 100\%

  • % yield\%\,\text{yield}= Percent yield (concentration)
  • mactualm_{\text{actual}}= Actual yield (mass obtained) (mass)
  • mtheoreticalm_{\text{theoretical}}= Theoretical yield (mass predicted) (mass)
Percent Yield solver →