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SCH3U · Ontario — the mole, reactions, solutions, gases, water and pH

Grade 11 Chemistry

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Rearranging
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Setup & units
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Answers
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The Mole

  • L1
    Counting by weighing
    Which number is which: mass, molar mass, amount
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L2
    Moles from mass
    n = m/M · the chemist's headcount
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L3
    Mass and molar mass
    n = m/M rearranged · name the unknown by its M
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L4
    Counting particles
    N = n·Nᴀ · Avogadro's enormous number
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L5
    Percent composition
    How much of the compound is this element
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L6
    The mole two-step
    grams → moles → particles · answers chain
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • ★
    The Mole Inspection
    the boss · no calculator · one sample, every question
    ★★★★★
    Start

Reactions by the Numbers

  • L8
    Paper versus flask
    actual, theoretical, percent — the three tells
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L9
    Percent yield
    actual over theoretical, times one hundred
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L10
    Working back from yield
    given the yield, recover the mass
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L11
    Heat of reaction
    q = nΔH · moles carry the heat
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L12
    Moles to heat
    grams → moles → kilojoules
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L13
    Estimate, then compute
    land the power of ten before the calculator
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • ★
    The Lab Report
    the boss · no calculator · mass to heat to yield
    ★★★★★
    Start

Solutions & Dilution

  • L15
    Reading the label
    mol/L, percent, grams — which concentration is which
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L16
    Molarity
    C = n/V · moles per litre of solution
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L17
    Molarity, every way
    C = n/V rotated · find n, find V, find C
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L18
    Mass percent
    solute over solution — not over solvent
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L19
    Dilution
    C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ · the moles never left
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L20
    Dilution, every way
    C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ rotated · water to add is V₂ − V₁
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L21
    Stockroom chains
    grams → moles → molarity → dilution
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • ★
    The Stockroom
    the boss · no calculator · one stock bottle, three jobs
    ★★★★★
    Start

Gases

  • L23
    The gas variables
    P, V, T, n — and why T must be kelvin
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L24
    Boyle's law
    P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ · squeeze it and it pushes back
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L25
    Hot gases
    Charles and Gay-Lussac · kelvin or bust
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L26
    The combined gas law
    P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂ · one law, six knobs
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L27
    The ideal gas law
    PV = nRT · R makes the units agree
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L28
    PV = nRT, every way
    rotated unknowns · real lab conditions
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L29
    Molar volume at STP
    22.4 L per mole · the shortcut and its fine print
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L30
    Weighing a gas
    ρ = PM/RT · why helium floats
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • ★
    The Pressure Test
    the boss · no calculator · one balloon, launch to altitude
    ★★★★★
    Start

Water by the Numbers

  • L32
    Parts per million
    mg/L is ppm in water · reading a water report
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L33
    Hard water
    total hardness as CaCO₃ · calcium plus magnesium
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L34
    Grains per gallon
    the softener dial's unit · the ÷17.118 crossing
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L35
    The CaCO₃ yardstick
    equivalent weight · why every ion gets measured in chalk
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L36
    TDS from conductivity
    TDS = k × EC · the meter measures salt indirectly
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L37
    Chlorine dose
    dose = demand + residual · what the water eats first
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L38
    Feeding the plant
    lb/day = mg/L × MGD × 8.34 · the operator's constant
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • ★
    The Treatment Plant
    the boss · no calculator · one raw-water sample, start to finish
    ★★★★★
    Start

Acids, Bases & pH

  • L40
    The pH scale
    acidic, basic, neutral — and what pH measures
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L41
    pH from concentration
    pH = −log[H⁺] · the exponent, flipped positive
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L42
    Concentration from pH
    [H⁺] = 10⁻ᵖᴴ · undoing the logarithm
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L43
    pH plus pOH
    pH + pOH = 14 · the two-ended ruler
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L44
    Powers of ten
    one pH unit is a factor of ten — estimate first
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • L45
    Titration
    the burette finds the unknown concentration
    ★★★★★
    Start
  • ★
    The Litmus Final
    the boss · no calculator · titrate it, then place it on the scale
    ★★★★★
    Start

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