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Lesson 20 · The dot product
How much do these two agree?
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How much do these two agree?

Two vectors, and the answer is a plain number with no direction at all — which is why it is also called the scalar product. From components: a⃗⋅b⃗=axbx+ayby\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b} = a_x b_x + a_y b_y, read aloud a dot b equals a-x b-x plus a-y b-y, where ax,aya_x, a_y are the components of the first arrow and bx,byb_x, b_y those of the second — the subscript names the axis, the letter names the arrow. Like with like, then add.

From lengths and the angle between them: a⃗⋅b⃗=∣a⃗∣ ∣b⃗∣cos⁡θ\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b} = |\vec{a}|\,|\vec{b}|\cos\theta. Two doors, one room — and setting them equal is how the next lesson finds an angle. What the number MEANS is the cosine: it is the two lengths multiplied, then taxed by how far apart they point. Same direction, cos⁡0∘=1\cos 0^\circ = 1, full value. Perpendicular, cos⁡90∘=0\cos 90^\circ = 0, and the dot product is exactly zero — the cleanest perpendicularity test in mathematics, and one you will reach for constantly. Past 90∘90^\circ it goes negative, meaning the two broadly disagree. A negative dot product is information, not a mistake.

ayaxbybxa·b

a⃗⋅b⃗=axbx+ayby\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b} = a_x b_x + a_y b_y

  • a⃗⋅b⃗\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b}= Dot product
  • axa_x= x-component of a
  • aya_y= y-component of a
  • bxb_x= x-component of b
  • byb_y= y-component of b
Dot Product of Two 2D Vectors (Components) solver →
θ|a||b|a·b

a⃗⋅b⃗=∣a⃗∣ ∣b⃗∣cos⁡θ\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b} = |\vec{a}|\,|\vec{b}|\cos\theta

  • a⃗⋅b⃗\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b}= Dot product
  • ∣a⃗∣|\vec{a}|= Magnitude of a
  • ∣b⃗∣|\vec{b}|= Magnitude of b
  • θ\theta= Angle between a and b (angle)
Dot Product from Magnitudes and Included Angle solver →