Boltzmann constant per particle

One Boltzmann constant per particle is exactly 8.31446261815324 J/(mol·K), which is the gas constant, because R is k_B times N_A and both are exact since 2019. Statistical mechanics counts entropy in multiples of k_B per particle, so an entropy of "2 k_B per molecule" is 16.6 J/(mol·K).

Watch out: Information-theoretic work often sets k_B = 1 and reports entropy as a pure number of nats or bits. One bit per particle is k_B ln 2, which is 5.76 J/(mol·K), not 8.314.

• Gibbs Free Energy Change (ΔG = ΔH − TΔS)

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