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Lesson 6 · Sliding down
The mass cancels — twice
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The mass cancels — twice

Let the object go. On a frictionless slope the only force along the surface is mgsin⁡θmg\sin\theta, and Newton says ma=mgsin⁡θma = mg\sin\theta. Divide both sides by mm and it is gone: a=gsin⁡θa = g\sin\theta, a equals g sin theta, where aa is the down-slope acceleration in m/s2\mathrm{m/s^2}, g=9.8 m/s2g = 9.8\ \mathrm{m/s^2}, and θ\theta is the slope above the horizontal. A feather and an anvil slide down the same frictionless ramp side by side. Galileo's result, arrived at from the algebra rather than the tower.

Add friction and the mass cancels a second time, which is the small miracle of this lesson. The toll is fk=μkN=μk mgcos⁡θf_k = \mu_k N = \mu_k\,mg\cos\theta, and subtracting it from the drive gives ma=mgsin⁡θ−μk mgcos⁡θma = mg\sin\theta - \mu_k\,mg\cos\theta — every term carries an mm, so every term loses it: a=g(sin⁡θ−μkcos⁡θ)a = g\left(\sin\theta - \mu_k\cos\theta\right), a equals g, bracket, sin theta minus mu-k cos theta. The sine term drives, the cosine term charges, and μk\mu_k is the naked coefficient of kinetic friction.

Read the bracket and it tells you a story. If μk\mu_k is large enough that μkcos⁡θ\mu_k\cos\theta reaches sin⁡θ\sin\theta, the bracket hits zero: no acceleration, no slide. Rearrange that condition and you get μ=tan⁡θ\mu = \tan\theta — the angle of repose, walking in from the last lesson through a completely different door. When two roads meet like that, the physics underneath is real.

aθ

a=gsin⁡θa = g \sin\theta

  • aa= Acceleration (acceleration)
  • θ\theta= Incline angle (angle)
Acceleration Down a Frictionless Incline solver →
aμkθ

a=g(sin⁡θ−μkcos⁡θ)a = g\left(\sin\theta - \mu_k \cos\theta\right)

  • aa= Acceleration (acceleration)
  • θ\theta= Incline angle (angle)
  • μk\mu_k= Coefficient of kinetic friction
Acceleration Down an Incline with Friction solver →
v0vat

v=v0+atv = v_0 + a t

  • vv= Final velocity (speed)
  • v0v_0= Initial velocity (speed)
  • aa= Acceleration (acceleration)
  • tt= Time (time)
Final Velocity (Uniform Acceleration) solver →