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Lesson 25 · Fan laws
Air is a fluid too
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Air is a fluid too

The fan laws are the affinity laws with different labels on the axes. Q2Q1=N2N1\dfrac{Q_2}{Q_1} = \dfrac{N_2}{N_1} for airflow, SP2SP1=(N2N1)2\dfrac{SP_2}{SP_1} = \left(\dfrac{N_2}{N_1}\right)^{2} for static pressure, and P2P1=(N2N1)3\dfrac{P_2}{P_1} = \left(\dfrac{N_2}{N_1}\right)^{3} for shaft power. QQ is the airflow in m³/s, SPSP the fan static pressure in pascals, PP the shaft power in kW and NN the wheel speed in rpm — and the subscripts mean what they meant on the water side: 1 is where you are, 2 is where you are going.

The power itself is friendlier in SI than in any other units: Pfan=Q ΔpηP_{fan} = \dfrac{Q \, \Delta p}{\eta} — P-fan equals Q delta-p over eta. QQ in cubic metres per second times Δp\Delta p in pascals is watts exactly, with no trade constant at all, and η\eta — the fan efficiency, a bare fraction — divides on the way to the shaft just as it did for the pump. The imperial trade writes the same thing as Q⋅SP6356η\dfrac{Q \cdot SP}{6356\eta} in cfm and inches of water; the 6356 is nothing but unit conversion, and SI simply does not need it.

Where this bites in the plant room is the re-sheave. A belt-driven fan's speed is set by pulley diameters, and a balancer chasing design airflow will change one. Ten per cent more speed is 10 % more air — and 21 % more static pressure, which the flex connections feel, and 33 % more shaft power, which the motor feels. The cube is not a warning printed on the side of the calculation; it IS the calculation. Check the nameplate before the sheave, every time.

And the same exponent, read the other way, is why variable-air-volume systems save what they do. A fan spending its shoulder season at 80 % speed is drawing barely half its design power, all day, without anyone touching a damper.

N2N1Q1Q2

Q2Q1=N2N1\frac{Q_2}{Q_1} = \frac{N_2}{N_1}

  • Q1Q_1= Airflow at speed 1 (volumetric flow rate)
  • N1N_1= Fan speed 1 (frequency)
  • Q2Q_2= Airflow at speed 2 (volumetric flow rate)
  • N2N_2= Fan speed 2 (frequency)
Fan Affinity Law — Airflow vs Speed solver →
N2N1SP1SP2

SP2SP1=(N2N1)2\frac{SP_2}{SP_1} = \left(\frac{N_2}{N_1}\right)^{2}

  • SP1SP_1= Static pressure at speed 1 (pressure)
  • N1N_1= Fan speed 1 (frequency)
  • SP2SP_2= Static pressure at speed 2 (pressure)
  • N2N_2= Fan speed 2 (frequency)
Fan Affinity Law — Static Pressure vs Speed solver →
N2N1P1P2

P2P1=(N2N1)3\frac{P_2}{P_1} = \left(\frac{N_2}{N_1}\right)^{3}

  • P1P_1= Fan power at speed 1 (power)
  • N1N_1= Fan speed 1 (frequency)
  • P2P_2= Fan power at speed 2 (power)
  • N2N_2= Fan speed 2 (frequency)
Fan Affinity Law — Power vs Speed solver →
QSPBHPη

BHP=Q⋅SP6356 ηBHP = \frac{Q \cdot SP}{6356 \, \eta}

  • BHPBHP= Fan brake power (power)
  • QQ= Airflow (volumetric flow rate)
  • SPSP= Fan total pressure (pressure)
  • η\eta= Fan efficiency
Fan Brake Horsepower solver →