83Bi

Bismuth

Post-transition metalsolidblock p

The heaviest element with a practically stable isotope, a brittle pink metal that grows iridescent stair-stepped hopper crystals.

Atomic number	83
Standard atomic weight	208.98 g/mol ± 0.01
Group · period	15 · 6
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³

About Bismuth

Bismuth was the heaviest stable element until 2003, when a French group measured bismuth-209's alpha decay and found a half-life of 2 × 10¹⁹ years — a billion times the age of the universe, which is stability in every practical sense but not in principle. It is one of very few substances that expands on freezing, like water, and its rapid crystal growth produces the famous stepped hopper crystals whose surface oxide layer diffracts light into rainbow colours. Non-toxic and dense, bismuth is the standard green replacement for lead in free-machining brass, fishing weights and solder, and bismuth subsalicylate is the pink in Pepto-Bismol. It is also the most naturally diamagnetic metal, strongly repelled by a magnet.

Use 208.98 g/mol in these solvers

Moles from Mass (n = m/M)

n = \frac{m}{M}

Opens with M = 208.98 g/mol already filled in

Gas Density from Molar Mass

\rho = \frac{PM}{RT}

Opens with M = 208.98 g/mol already filled in

Faraday's Law of Electrolysis (m = QM/nF)

m = \frac{Q M}{n F}

Opens with M = 208.98 g/mol already filled in

Ion Concentration as CaCO₃ Equivalent

C_{\mathrm{CaCO_3}} = C_{\mathrm{ion}} \times \frac{50.04}{\mathrm{EW}}

Opens with EW = 208.98 g/mol already filled in

Acid Feed to Reduce Alkalinity

\dot m = \frac{\Delta \mathrm{Alk} \, Q \times \frac{\mathrm{EW}}{50.04}}{p/100\%}

Opens with EW = 208.98 g/mol already filled in

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