Dose, treat, protect & separate
Process & Water Chemistry
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Formula pick
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Rearranging
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Setup & units
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Answers
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Stoichiometry at Scale
- L1StartReading the labelwhich number is a mole, a molarity, a mass percent★★★★★
- L2StartThe mole machinea weighed mass, converted into moles and into particles★★★★★
- L3StartMolarity, asked every wayC = n/V solved for the strength, the moles, or the volume★★★★★
- L4StartThe dilution lineC₁V₁ = C₂V₂, from the stock drum to the day tank★★★★★
- L5StartGases in the vesselPV = nRT, and the 22.4 L shortcut at STP★★★★★
- L6StartYield on the batch recordwhat the sheet allowed against what the drier delivered★★★★★
- L7StartTitration morningthe burette reading, equivalents, and the number 50★★★★★
- ★StartThe Batch Sheetthe boss · no calculator · mass to moles to volume to yield★★★★★
Chlorination & Disinfection
- L9StartDose, demand, residualone sum rules every chlorination problem★★★★★
- L10StartThe pounds formulalb/day = mg/L × MGD × 8.34 — the operator's daily bread★★★★★
- L11StartHypochlorite arithmeticavailable chlorine strength scales every product weight★★★★★
- L12StartThe breakpoint curvethe chlorine-to-ammonia ratio that clears the hump★★★★★
- L13StartCT creditresidual times contact time, corrected by the baffling factor★★★★★
- L14StartLog killwhat 3-log means, and what it never means★★★★★
- L15StartDecay in the mainfirst-order loss between the plant and the far hydrant★★★★★
- ★StartThe Compliance Morningthe boss · no calculator · dose the plant, earn the CT, log the kill★★★★★
Hardness, Alkalinity & Softening
- L17StartEverything as CaCO₃one common currency for every ion in the water★★★★★
- L18StartGrains per gallonthe 17.1 bridge, and what happens when it is crossed backwards★★★★★
- L19StartThe alkalinity ledgerthe water's buffer, and the acid feed that trims it★★★★★
- L20StartConductivity to TDSone factor, two prefixes, and the scale that runs upside down★★★★★
- L21StartSizing the softenergrains in, grains of capacity — the bank account of ion exchange★★★★★
- L22StartSalt and efficiencythe brine draw, and the leakage it buys★★★★★
- ★StartThe Softener Commissioningthe boss · no calculator · test the water, size the bed, set the clock★★★★★
Cooling Towers & Boilers
- L24StartCycles of concentrationevaporation leaves the salts behind★★★★★
- L25StartEvaporation, blowdown, makeupone balance, three outfits★★★★★
- L26StartRange and approachtwo differences, and only one grades the tower★★★★★
- L27StartDosing the loopfrom a dose on paper to litres in a jug★★★★★
- L28StartThe holding time indexhow long a slug survives in a bleeding system★★★★★
- L29StartBoiler cyclesthe same arithmetic, with steam playing evaporation★★★★★
- L30StartCondensate comes homewhat the returns save, and what the trap throws away★★★★★
- ★StartThe Tower Surveythe boss · no calculator · read the meters, close the balance★★★★★
Corrosion & the Water Quality Indices
- L32StartThe Langelier indexpH minus pHs — will this water scale or bite★★★★★
- L33StartRyznar and Puckoriustwo practical rewrites of the same saturation question★★★★★
- L34StartThe Larson–Skold ratiochloride and sulphate against alkalinity — the mild-steel verdict★★★★★
- L35StartCoupon mathematicsweight loss to mils per year, and the wall life it predicts★★★★★
- L36StartCurrent into metalcorrosion current as a penetration rate, and the galvanic push behind it★★★★★
- L37StartCathodic protectionsize the anode mass and current for the life the tank needs★★★★★
- L38StartChoosing the alloyPREN from the mill certificate — will this stainless pit★★★★★
- ★StartThe Corrosion Surveythe boss · no calculator · index the water, weigh the coupon, call the remaining life★★★★★
Clarifiers, Filters & the Sludge Line
- L40StartDetention timevolume over flow — how long the water actually stays★★★★★
- L41StartOverflow and solids loadingthe two rates that size every clarifier★★★★★
- L42StartSettling by Stokesthe settling velocity a particle can actually manage★★★★★
- L43StartThe filter runloading rate, backwash volume, and the percent the wash costs★★★★★
- L44StartThe jar testscale the winning jar up to the full plant flow★★★★★
- L45StartBOD on the booksmass loading, removal efficiency, and the town in population equivalents★★★★★
- L46StartFeeding the bugsF/M and sludge age — the two dials of activated sludge★★★★★
- L47StartSVI and the return linesludge volume index, and the RAS rate that keeps the blanket down★★★★★
- ★StartThe Plant Walkdownthe boss · no calculator · headworks to aeration in one pass★★★★★
Separations & Absorption
- L49StartVolatility firstalpha above 1, or no column at all★★★★★
- L50StartThe column balancemass in equals mass out, and the split is fixed before anything else★★★★★
- L51StartReflux and boilupthe two ratios that set how hard the column works★★★★★
- L52StartCounting stagesFenske's floor, Gilliland's bridge, and the efficiency that buys real trays★★★★★
- L53StartOperating linesrectifying, stripping, and the q-line that joins them★★★★★
- L54StartThe packed towerheight equals HTU times NTU, and where each number comes from★★★★★
- L55StartThe Kremser countstages for an absorber, straight from the absorption factor★★★★★
- ★StartThe Scrubber Quotationthe boss · no calculator · quote the tower from solubility to height★★★★★
Thermal Kill: D, z and F
- L57StartThe D-valueone decimal reduction — the time to kill ninety percent★★★★★
- L58StartCounting log cyclesfrom a million spores to one — how many D-values is that★★★★★
- L59StartThe z-valuethe temperature rise that cuts D tenfold★★★★★
- L60StartThe F-valueequivalent minutes at the reference temperature★★★★★
- L61StartHotter or longertrade temperature against time and keep the same kill★★★★★
- ★StartThe Retort Runthe boss · no calculator · D to z to F, one canning cook end to end★★★★★
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