square meter per second
DiffusivityArea per timeexact by definition
The square metre per second is the SI coherent unit for every quantity with dimensions of area over time: thermal diffusivity, mass diffusivity, kinematic viscosity, momentum diffusivity and hydraulic diffusivity. Its relation to the base units is exact by definition. It answers how fast a disturbance spreads by diffusion rather than by bulk flow.
Watch out: Three different physical properties share these units and are easy to interchange by accident. Thermal diffusivity governs temperature spreading, kinematic viscosity governs momentum spreading, and mass diffusivity governs species spreading. Their ratios are the Prandtl, Schmidt and Lewis numbers.
| 1 (Diffusivity) | 1,000,000 |
| 1 (Area per time) | 0.36 |
About the square meter per second
Anything that spreads by random molecular wandering rather than by being carried along has a diffusivity, and diffusivity always carries units of area per time. That is not a coincidence: the diffusion equation needs to reconcile a second spatial derivative with a first time derivative. The practical consequence is the square-root rule. A diffusive front travels a distance of roughly , so covering twice the distance takes four times as long. This is why a thick steel plate takes disproportionately longer to heat through than a thin one, and why diffusion is hopeless as a transport mechanism over any large distance.
Some values for scale, all in m²/s: copper's thermal diffusivity is about 1.1 × 10⁻⁴, air about 2.2 × 10⁻⁵, water about 1.4 × 10⁻⁷, and brick or concrete around 5 × 10⁻⁷. Copper spreads heat nearly a thousand times faster than water, which is why saucepans have copper bases and why thermal mass in a building is measured in hours of lag rather than seconds. Note that high conductivity and high diffusivity are not the same thing: diffusivity is conductivity divided by volumetric heat capacity, so a material can conduct well and still respond slowly if it stores a lot of heat per degree.
The square metre per second is the coherent SI form and the value the others convert through. It is never used in practice: a large combine works at about 1.4 m²/s, a number that describes nothing anybody plans with.
One square meter per second in every diffusivity unit
| 1,000,000,000,000 | square micrometer per second (μm²/s) | |
| 31,557,600 | square meter per year (m²/yr) | |
| 1,000,000 | square millimeter per second (mm²/s) | |
| 1,000,000 | centistokes (cSt) | |
| 930,002 | square foot per day (ft²/d) | |
| 86,400 | square meter per day (m²/d) | |
| 38,750.1 | square foot per hour (ft²/h) | |
| 10,000 | square centimeter per second (cm²/s) | |
| 10,000 | stokes (St) | |
| 3,600 | square meter per hour (m²/h) | |
| 1,550 | square inch per second (in²/s) | |
| 10.7639 | square foot per second (ft²/s) | |
| 1 | square meter per second (m²/s)this unit |
One square meter per second in every area per time unit
| 0.36 | hectare per hour (ha/h) | |
| 8.64 | hectare per day (ha/day) | |
| 1 | square meter per second (m²/s)this unit | |
| 0.889579 | acre per hour (ac/h) | |
| 21.3499 | acre per day (ac/day) |