m2/s\text{m}^{2}\text{/s}

square meter per second

DiffusivityArea per timeexact by definition

The square metre per second is the SI coherent unit for every quantity with dimensions of area over time: thermal diffusivity, mass diffusivity, kinematic viscosity, momentum diffusivity and hydraulic diffusivity. Its relation to the base units is exact by definition. It answers how fast a disturbance spreads by diffusion rather than by bulk flow.

Watch out: Three different physical properties share these units and are easy to interchange by accident. Thermal diffusivity α=k/(ρcp)\alpha = k/(\rho c_p) governs temperature spreading, kinematic viscosity ν=μ/ρ\nu = \mu/\rho governs momentum spreading, and mass diffusivity DD governs species spreading. Their ratios are the Prandtl, Schmidt and Lewis numbers.

1 m2/s\text{m}^{2}\text{/s} (Diffusivity)1,000,000 mm2/s\text{mm}^{2}\text{/s}
1 m2/s\text{m}^{2}\text{/s} (Area per time)0.36 ha/h\text{ha/h}

About the square meter per second

Anything that spreads by random molecular wandering rather than by being carried along has a diffusivity, and diffusivity always carries units of area per time. That is not a coincidence: the diffusion equation ∂T/∂t=α∇2T\partial T/\partial t = \alpha \nabla^2 T needs α\alpha to reconcile a second spatial derivative with a first time derivative. The practical consequence is the square-root rule. A diffusive front travels a distance of roughly αt\sqrt{\alpha t}, so covering twice the distance takes four times as long. This is why a thick steel plate takes disproportionately longer to heat through than a thin one, and why diffusion is hopeless as a transport mechanism over any large distance.

Some values for scale, all in m²/s: copper's thermal diffusivity is about 1.1 × 10⁻⁴, air about 2.2 × 10⁻⁵, water about 1.4 × 10⁻⁷, and brick or concrete around 5 × 10⁻⁷. Copper spreads heat nearly a thousand times faster than water, which is why saucepans have copper bases and why thermal mass in a building is measured in hours of lag rather than seconds. Note that high conductivity and high diffusivity are not the same thing: diffusivity is conductivity divided by volumetric heat capacity, so a material can conduct well and still respond slowly if it stores a lot of heat per degree.

As a unit of area per time

The square metre per second is the coherent SI form and the value the others convert through. It is never used in practice: a large combine works at about 1.4 m²/s, a number that describes nothing anybody plans with.

One square meter per second in every diffusivity unit

1,000,000,000,000square micrometer per second (μm²/s)
31,557,600square meter per year (m²/yr)
1,000,000square millimeter per second (mm²/s)
1,000,000centistokes (cSt)
930,002square foot per day (ft²/d)
86,400square meter per day (m²/d)
38,750.1square foot per hour (ft²/h)
10,000square centimeter per second (cm²/s)
10,000stokes (St)
3,600square meter per hour (m²/h)
1,550square inch per second (in²/s)
10.7639square foot per second (ft²/s)
1square meter per second (m²/s)this unit

One square meter per second in every area per time unit

0.36hectare per hour (ha/h)
8.64hectare per day (ha/day)
1square meter per second (m²/s)this unit
0.889579acre per hour (ac/h)
21.3499acre per day (ac/day)