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Water

Liquid water from 0 to 100 °C at 1 atm — density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity and vapour pressure, all at the same state.

PhaseLiquid
Temperature range0 to 100 °C
SourceKell (1975) density on ITS-90; IAPWS 2008 viscosity; IAPWS-95 for cp, k and hfg; Antoine for vapour pressure

water, property by property

Properties at temperature
°C
0°100°

Validated from 0 to 100 °C.

Density998.2 kg/m³
Dynamic viscosity1.0016 mPa·s
Specific heat4.1844 kJ/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity0.5984 W/(m·K)
Vapour pressure2.3296 kPa
Latent heat of vaporisation2,453.5 kJ/kg
Kinematic viscosity ν = µ/ρ1.0034 mm²/s
Prandtl number Pr = cpµ/k7.004

Click on a chart to print it with your selected value marked.

Density kg/m³
Density from 0 to 100 °C, in kg/m³. Marked at 20 °C: 998.2 kg/m³960970980990020406080100
Dynamic viscosity mPa·s
Dynamic viscosity from 0 to 100 °C, in mPa·s. Marked at 20 °C: 1.002 mPa·s0 °C — 1.791 mPa·s5 °C — 1.518 mPa·s10 °C — 1.306 mPa·s15 °C — 1.137 mPa·s20 °C — 1.002 mPa·s25 °C — 0.89 mPa·s30 °C — 0.7972 mPa·s35 °C — 0.7191 mPa·s40 °C — 0.6527 mPa·s45 °C — 0.5958 mPa·s50 °C — 0.5465 mPa·s55 °C — 0.5036 mPa·s60 °C — 0.466 mPa·s65 °C — 0.4329 mPa·s70 °C — 0.4035 mPa·s75 °C — 0.3774 mPa·s80 °C — 0.354 mPa·s85 °C — 0.333 mPa·s90 °C — 0.3141 mPa·s95 °C — 0.2969 mPa·s100 °C — 0.2814 mPa·s0.511.5020406080100
Specific heat kJ/(kg·K)
Specific heat from 0 to 100 °C, in kJ/(kg·K). Marked at 20 °C: 4.184 kJ/(kg·K)0 °C — 4.22 kJ/(kg·K)10 °C — 4.196 kJ/(kg·K)20 °C — 4.184 kJ/(kg·K)30 °C — 4.18 kJ/(kg·K)40 °C — 4.18 kJ/(kg·K)50 °C — 4.182 kJ/(kg·K)60 °C — 4.185 kJ/(kg·K)70 °C — 4.19 kJ/(kg·K)80 °C — 4.197 kJ/(kg·K)90 °C — 4.205 kJ/(kg·K)100 °C — 4.217 kJ/(kg·K)4.184.194.24.21020406080100
Thermal conductivity W/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity from 0 to 100 °C, in W/(m·K). Marked at 20 °C: 0.5984 W/(m·K)0 °C — 0.561 W/(m·K)10 °C — 0.58 W/(m·K)20 °C — 0.5984 W/(m·K)25 °C — 0.6072 W/(m·K)30 °C — 0.6155 W/(m·K)40 °C — 0.6305 W/(m·K)50 °C — 0.6435 W/(m·K)60 °C — 0.6544 W/(m·K)70 °C — 0.6631 W/(m·K)80 °C — 0.67 W/(m·K)90 °C — 0.6753 W/(m·K)100 °C — 0.6791 W/(m·K)0.580.60.620.640.66020406080100
Vapour pressure kPa (log scale)
Vapour pressure from 0 to 100 °C, in kPa (log scale). Marked at 20 °C: 2.33 kPa110100020406080100
Latent heat of vaporisation kJ/kg
Latent heat of vaporisation from 0 to 100 °C, in kJ/kg. Marked at 20 °C: 2,454 kJ/kg0 °C — 2,501 kJ/kg10 °C — 2,477 kJ/kg20 °C — 2,454 kJ/kg25 °C — 2,442 kJ/kg30 °C — 2,430 kJ/kg40 °C — 2,406 kJ/kg50 °C — 2,382 kJ/kg60 °C — 2,358 kJ/kg70 °C — 2,333 kJ/kg80 °C — 2,308 kJ/kg90 °C — 2,283 kJ/kg100 °C — 2,256 kJ/kg23002350240024502500020406080100

Full pages: density · dynamic viscosity · specific heat · thermal conductivity · vapour pressure · latent heat of vaporisation

Send Water at 20 °C into a solver

Every fluid property in these opens already filled, all from the same state — so a density and a viscosity in one calculation always describe the same fluid at the same temperature.

Reynolds Number

ρ = 998.204μ = 1.0016

Poiseuille's Law

μ = 1.0016

Prandtl Number

μ = 1.0016cₚ = 4.1844k = 0.5984

Stokes' Drag (F = 6πμrv)

μ = 1.0016

Hydrostatic Pressure (P = ρgh)

ρ = 998.204

Learning zone

Water is the working fluid of most of this site, and the only one of its properties that behaves is specific heat. Density falls by 4 % from 0 to 100 °C, thermal conductivity climbs by 21 %, vapour pressure rises by a factor of 165, and viscosity drops by a factor of 6.4. Specific heat moves by 1 %, which is why 4.18 kJ/(kg·K) survives as a constant in the trade and why nothing else should.

Viscosity is the one that changes answers. Reynolds number scales as 1/µ, so a chilled-water line at 5 °C and a heating line at 80 °C running the same velocity in the same pipe sit at Reynolds numbers a factor of four apart. Laminar or transitional flow in cold, small-bore lines is far more common than designers expect, and a friction factor taken from a turbulent correlation is then simply wrong. The same factor works through every settling velocity, pump suction calculation and heat-transfer coefficient you will do.

The density curve has its maximum at 3.98 °C rather than at the freezing point. Below that, hydrogen bonds start assembling the open tetrahedral structure of ice and the liquid expands again. A cooling lake overturns until the whole body reaches 4 °C, after which colder water stays on top and freezes into a floating lid — lakes freeze from the top down, and the fish survive the winter.

Pinned constants for this substance

The constants library carries these at a single stated temperature, with their uncertainty and provenance. The table above is the same substance as a function.

Density of water at 20 °C

ρ20=998.207 kg/m3\rho_{20} = 998.207\ \text{kg/m}^{3}

Maximum density of water (4 °C)

ρmax⁡=999.975 kg/m3\rho_{\max} = 999.975\ \text{kg/m}^{3}

Dynamic Viscosity of Water at 20 °C

μw=0.001002 Pa⋅s\mu_{w} = 0.001002\ \text{Pa}{\cdot}\text{s}

Specific heat capacity of liquid water

cp,water=4,181.6 J/(kg⋅K)c_{p,\mathrm{water}} = 4,181.6\ \text{J/(kg}{\cdot}\text{K)}

Thermal Conductivity of Water

kw=0.598 W/(m⋅K)k_{w} = 0.598\ \text{W/(m}{\cdot}\text{K)}

Vapour Pressure of Water at 20 °C

pv=2,339 Pap_{v} = 2,339\ \text{Pa}

Latent heat of vaporisation of water

Lv=2,256,400 J/kgL_{\mathrm{v}} = 2,256,400\ \text{J/kg}