Speed of light in water

cH2O=224,900,000 m/sc_{\mathrm{H_2O}} = 224,900,000\ \text{m/s}
Value224,900,000 m/s
StatusMeasured: ± 90,000 m/s (0.0004 relative)
SourceDerived from n = 1.3330 (typical, 589 nm, 20 °C)
CategoriesElectromagnetic
Speed of light in water in every speed unit
millimeter per year7.0973042e+18 mm/yr
millimeter per day1.9431360e+16 mm/day
millimeter per hour809,640,000,000,000 mm/h
inch per day765,014,170,000,000 in/day
foot per day63,751,181,000,000 ft/d
inch per hour31,875,591,000,000 in/h
meter per day19,431,360,000,000 m/d
millimeter per minute13,494,000,000,000 mm/min
meter per hour809,640,000,000 m/h
inch per minute531,259,840,000 in/min
millimeter per second224,900,000,000 mm/s
foot per minute44,271,654,000 ft/min
centimeter per second22,490,000,000 cm/s
meter per minute13,494,000,000 m/min
inch per second8,854,330,700 in/s
kilometer per hour809,640,000 km/h
foot per second737,860,890 ft/s
mile per hour503,086,970 mph
knot437,170,630 kn
meter per second224,900,000 m/s
mach (sea level)660,899.1 Ma
kilometer per second224,900 km/s
speed of light0.75018565 c

Learning zone

Water's refractive index at the sodium D line and 20 °C is 1.3330, so light crawls through it at three-quarters of its vacuum speed. Léon Foucault measured exactly this in 1850, showing light is slower in water than in air, and in doing so killed Newton's corpuscular theory, which required the opposite. The slowing is dispersive — blue light is slowed slightly more than red, index 1.3403 at 434 nm against 1.3311 at 656 nm — which is why a rainbow exists at all.

Because c/n is less than c, charged particles can legally exceed the local speed of light in water without troubling relativity. When they do they leave a blue optical shock wave, Cherenkov radiation, and vast water tanks like Super-Kamiokande use it to see neutrino interactions. The value quoted here is a typical figure for pure water in the visible band; it varies with wavelength, temperature and salinity.